Mahatma Gandhi .. An advocate of nonviolence, spiritual leader of India
Mahatma Gandhi gave the Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi, his life to spread the policy of peaceful resistance or non-violence and continued for more than fifty years of promises, and in years of his life last increased interest in defending the rights of the Muslim minority and suffered for the separation of Pakistan and sorrow for the violence in Kashmir and called on Hindus to respect the rights of Muslims which raised the ire of some Mtasbém fatal bullets fired by one of them fatally.
Birth and upbringing
Born Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, known as "Mahatma" (ie, the Great Soul or Saint) in the second of October / November 1869 in Port of Bandar province of Gujarat, India from a conservative family with a long tradition in politics, where he served his grandfather and later his father was prime minister Emirate of Port Bandar, as was the family's famous business projects. He spent a normal childhood and then married a thirteen-year-old Indian tradition, according to local and livelihood of the four children of his marriage.
Study
Gandhi traveled to Britain in 1888 to study law, and in 1891 he returned to India after which he received a BS degree conferred upon him the exercise of the legal profession.
Intellectual affiliation
The foundations of Gandhi is known to the world of politics to "peaceful resistance" or the philosophy of nonviolence (Alsatyaraha), a set of principles founded on religious, political and economic at the same summary of courage, truth and nonviolence, and aims to defeat the occupier, through full awareness and deep imminent danger and configure force capable of confronting this threat to non-violence to violence first and then if there is no other option.
Nonviolence is not a deficit
Gandhi explained that nonviolence is not a deficit or a weakness, because "to refrain from punishing is not forgiveness only when the ability to punish really existent," It does not also mean not to resort to violence at all, "I may resort to violence a thousand times if the alternative castration of the entire human race. " The aim of the policy of non-violence in Gandhi's opinion is to highlight the injustice of the occupation on the one hand and turn public opinion on this injustice on the other hand as a prelude to eliminate it totally or at least confined and prevent outbreaks.
Non-violent methods
Policy of non-violence and take several methods to achieve the purposes of fasting and boycotts and sit-ins and civil disobedience and accept the sentence and not the fear that these methods lead to the end to the death.
Conditions for the success of non-violence
Gandhi is required for the success of this policy discount Enjoy the rest of the conscience and the freedom of finally being able to open substantive dialogue with the other party.
Gandhi wrote in the affected
Gandhi was influenced by a number of books have had a major role in shaping his philosophy and his political positions, including "pay tribute to Blessed," a Hindu epic poem written in the third century BC and considered Gandhi his dictionary as a spiritual and a basic reference of it inspired by his ideas. Add to the "Sermon on the Mount" in the Bible, the book "until the Last Man," the philosopher of Englishman John Ruskin, who glorified the team spirit and work in all its forms, and the Book of Russian writer Tolstoy's "salvation in yourselves," which Zadeh conviction to fight Christian missionaries, and finally the book the American poet Henry David Toro "civil disobedience". It also seems influenced by Gandhi Balbrihamanah which is a daily practice and aims to make permanent control of all human senses and desires by asceticism and through food, dress, fasting and purification, prayer and reverence and silence on Monday of each week .. Through this practice, reach the same rights to free before the other is editing.
His life in South Africa
Search Gandhi for an appropriate job in India is practiced for its way of specialization and maintains at the same time the conservative principles he was taught, but was unsuccessful so he decided to accept the offer of work comes from a law firm in the "Natal", South Africa, and traveled already there in 1893 and was his intention stay for only one year but the situation of the Indian community there made him amends for the duration of survival and continued in that African country 22 years.
His achievements there
South Africa was a British colony like India and by many of the Indian workers who Gandhi decided to defend their rights before the British companies that they were working. The period spent in South Africa (1893 - 1915) of the most important stages of intellectual development and political as it provided an opportunity to deepen their knowledge and cultures and learn about the different religions and beliefs, and tested the approach in political action has proven effective against British colonialism. And influenced by the scenes of racial discrimination which was followed by whites against Africans or the owners of the country's indigenous groups against the other colored living there. One of the fruits of his efforts at that time:
Restore confidence to the people of the Indian immigrant community and rid them of fear and a lack of moral and raise their level.
The establishment of the newspaper "Indian Opinion" that he called across to the philosophy of nonviolence.
Party was established "for the Natal Indian Congress," through which to defend the rights of Indian workers.
Fight a law that had deprived the Indians of the right to vote.
Changing what was known as "Decree Asian" which forces the Indians to register themselves in the records private.
Dissuade the British government for its intention to determine the Indian immigration to South Africa.
Abolition of the law against non-Christian marriages.
Back to India
Gandhi returned from South Africa to India in 1915, and within a few years of work has become the national leader of the most popular. He focused his year on the struggle against social injustice on the one hand and against colonialism, on the other, and particularly interested in the problems of workers, peasants and outcasts and considered the latter category, which he called "sons of God" is an affront to India and unworthy nation seeks to achieve freedom and independence and liberation from injustice.
Fasting to death
Gandhi decided in 1932 to start fasting to death in protest against the bill enshrines discrimination against untouchables in the Indian elections, leading politicians and religious leaders to negotiate and reach a "Convention Bona," which ruled to increase the number of Representatives, "untouchables" and the abolition of the electoral system of discrimination.
Stances of the British occupation
Characterized by the positions of Gandhi, of the British occupation of the Indian subcontinent is predominantly solid initial does not eliminate the sometimes tactical flexibility, and caused him moving between national positions hardened and adjustments interim truce embarrassment with his opponents and his supporters arrived sometimes to the point of treason and to challenge the credibility of the national struggle by the opponents of his style, For For example, cooperation Gandhi with Britain in the First World War against the Axis powers and participated in 1918 at the request of the British Governor in India Conference Delhi, military, and then go to the opposition of direct British policy between 1918 and 1922 and a student during that period, full independence for India. In 1922 he led the movement of civil disobedience has stepped up public anger, which reached in some cases to a clash between fans and security forces and the British police which led him to stop this movement, though he was sentenced by the British authorities was sentenced to six years and then returned and released him in 1924.
Salt march
Challenged Gandhi British laws which restrict the extraction of salt, the British authorities which sign these authorities in a quandary, and he led the march of a popular route to the sea to extract salt from there, and in 1931 ended the rebellion after the parties to reach a compromise and signed a "Treaty of Delhi."
Resign from the Congress Party
Gandhi decided in 1934 to resign from the Congress Party and was devoted to the economic problems that were experienced by rural India, in 1937, encouraged the party to participate in the elections, saying that the Constitution in 1935 and is a sufficient guarantee a minimum level of credibility and impartiality.
In 1940 he returned to the disobedience campaigns once again fired a new campaign to protest the declaration of British India is a fight against the armies of the Axis without gaining independence, and continued disobedience, even in 1941 Britain which is busy with World War II and is interested in restoration of conditions of India to have help in the war effort . And about the danger of Japan imminent British government has tried to reconcile with the independence movement of India sent in 1942 mission known as the "mission Cripps," but failed in its bid, and the impact of prior Gandhi in 1943 for the first time the idea of entering India in the war against the Axis Powers in the hope of gain independence after that, and he addressed the British famously "Let India and you are the masters," but this speech did not like the British authorities then launched a campaign of arrests and practiced all kinds of violent repression was Gandhi himself from his victims, where he was held behind the bars of the prison and only released him in 1944.
Sadness over the partition of India
The end of 1944 and early 1945, India approached independence, and increased the fears of secessionist calls designed to be divided into two states, between Muslims and Hindus, Gandhi tried to persuade Mohammed Ali Jinnah, who was at the head of the advocates of this separation to reverse its direction but failed.
This has already been on August 16 / August 1947, and announced that the division of India has so dominated the religious unrest across India, reached an end of violence exceeded all expectations fell in Calcutta alone, for example, more than five thousand people. Has suffered Gandhi to these events and considered a national disaster, and increased the pain of escalating tension between India and Pakistan over Kashmir, and numerous deaths in the armed clashes that broke out between them in 1947/1948 and taking calls for a restoration of national unity between the Indian and Muslim students in particular, of the majority Hindu respect the rights of the Muslim minority.
And death
Has not lived up calls Gandhi of the majority Hindu respect the rights of the Muslim minority, and considered some of the categories Hindu fanatic treason so I decided to get rid of it, and already in the January 30, 1948 was a Hindu fanatics three bullets fatally fell to the impact of Mahatma Gandhi bits by the age of Enahr 79 years
Mahatma Gandhi gave the Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi, his life to spread the policy of peaceful resistance or non-violence and continued for more than fifty years of promises, and in years of his life last increased interest in defending the rights of the Muslim minority and suffered for the separation of Pakistan and sorrow for the violence in Kashmir and called on Hindus to respect the rights of Muslims which raised the ire of some Mtasbém fatal bullets fired by one of them fatally.
Birth and upbringing
Born Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, known as "Mahatma" (ie, the Great Soul or Saint) in the second of October / November 1869 in Port of Bandar province of Gujarat, India from a conservative family with a long tradition in politics, where he served his grandfather and later his father was prime minister Emirate of Port Bandar, as was the family's famous business projects. He spent a normal childhood and then married a thirteen-year-old Indian tradition, according to local and livelihood of the four children of his marriage.
Study
Gandhi traveled to Britain in 1888 to study law, and in 1891 he returned to India after which he received a BS degree conferred upon him the exercise of the legal profession.
Intellectual affiliation
The foundations of Gandhi is known to the world of politics to "peaceful resistance" or the philosophy of nonviolence (Alsatyaraha), a set of principles founded on religious, political and economic at the same summary of courage, truth and nonviolence, and aims to defeat the occupier, through full awareness and deep imminent danger and configure force capable of confronting this threat to non-violence to violence first and then if there is no other option.
Nonviolence is not a deficit
Gandhi explained that nonviolence is not a deficit or a weakness, because "to refrain from punishing is not forgiveness only when the ability to punish really existent," It does not also mean not to resort to violence at all, "I may resort to violence a thousand times if the alternative castration of the entire human race. " The aim of the policy of non-violence in Gandhi's opinion is to highlight the injustice of the occupation on the one hand and turn public opinion on this injustice on the other hand as a prelude to eliminate it totally or at least confined and prevent outbreaks.
Non-violent methods
Policy of non-violence and take several methods to achieve the purposes of fasting and boycotts and sit-ins and civil disobedience and accept the sentence and not the fear that these methods lead to the end to the death.
Conditions for the success of non-violence
Gandhi is required for the success of this policy discount Enjoy the rest of the conscience and the freedom of finally being able to open substantive dialogue with the other party.
Gandhi wrote in the affected
Gandhi was influenced by a number of books have had a major role in shaping his philosophy and his political positions, including "pay tribute to Blessed," a Hindu epic poem written in the third century BC and considered Gandhi his dictionary as a spiritual and a basic reference of it inspired by his ideas. Add to the "Sermon on the Mount" in the Bible, the book "until the Last Man," the philosopher of Englishman John Ruskin, who glorified the team spirit and work in all its forms, and the Book of Russian writer Tolstoy's "salvation in yourselves," which Zadeh conviction to fight Christian missionaries, and finally the book the American poet Henry David Toro "civil disobedience". It also seems influenced by Gandhi Balbrihamanah which is a daily practice and aims to make permanent control of all human senses and desires by asceticism and through food, dress, fasting and purification, prayer and reverence and silence on Monday of each week .. Through this practice, reach the same rights to free before the other is editing.
His life in South Africa
Search Gandhi for an appropriate job in India is practiced for its way of specialization and maintains at the same time the conservative principles he was taught, but was unsuccessful so he decided to accept the offer of work comes from a law firm in the "Natal", South Africa, and traveled already there in 1893 and was his intention stay for only one year but the situation of the Indian community there made him amends for the duration of survival and continued in that African country 22 years.
His achievements there
South Africa was a British colony like India and by many of the Indian workers who Gandhi decided to defend their rights before the British companies that they were working. The period spent in South Africa (1893 - 1915) of the most important stages of intellectual development and political as it provided an opportunity to deepen their knowledge and cultures and learn about the different religions and beliefs, and tested the approach in political action has proven effective against British colonialism. And influenced by the scenes of racial discrimination which was followed by whites against Africans or the owners of the country's indigenous groups against the other colored living there. One of the fruits of his efforts at that time:
Restore confidence to the people of the Indian immigrant community and rid them of fear and a lack of moral and raise their level.
The establishment of the newspaper "Indian Opinion" that he called across to the philosophy of nonviolence.
Party was established "for the Natal Indian Congress," through which to defend the rights of Indian workers.
Fight a law that had deprived the Indians of the right to vote.
Changing what was known as "Decree Asian" which forces the Indians to register themselves in the records private.
Dissuade the British government for its intention to determine the Indian immigration to South Africa.
Abolition of the law against non-Christian marriages.
Back to India
Gandhi returned from South Africa to India in 1915, and within a few years of work has become the national leader of the most popular. He focused his year on the struggle against social injustice on the one hand and against colonialism, on the other, and particularly interested in the problems of workers, peasants and outcasts and considered the latter category, which he called "sons of God" is an affront to India and unworthy nation seeks to achieve freedom and independence and liberation from injustice.
Fasting to death
Gandhi decided in 1932 to start fasting to death in protest against the bill enshrines discrimination against untouchables in the Indian elections, leading politicians and religious leaders to negotiate and reach a "Convention Bona," which ruled to increase the number of Representatives, "untouchables" and the abolition of the electoral system of discrimination.
Stances of the British occupation
Characterized by the positions of Gandhi, of the British occupation of the Indian subcontinent is predominantly solid initial does not eliminate the sometimes tactical flexibility, and caused him moving between national positions hardened and adjustments interim truce embarrassment with his opponents and his supporters arrived sometimes to the point of treason and to challenge the credibility of the national struggle by the opponents of his style, For For example, cooperation Gandhi with Britain in the First World War against the Axis powers and participated in 1918 at the request of the British Governor in India Conference Delhi, military, and then go to the opposition of direct British policy between 1918 and 1922 and a student during that period, full independence for India. In 1922 he led the movement of civil disobedience has stepped up public anger, which reached in some cases to a clash between fans and security forces and the British police which led him to stop this movement, though he was sentenced by the British authorities was sentenced to six years and then returned and released him in 1924.
Salt march
Challenged Gandhi British laws which restrict the extraction of salt, the British authorities which sign these authorities in a quandary, and he led the march of a popular route to the sea to extract salt from there, and in 1931 ended the rebellion after the parties to reach a compromise and signed a "Treaty of Delhi."
Resign from the Congress Party
Gandhi decided in 1934 to resign from the Congress Party and was devoted to the economic problems that were experienced by rural India, in 1937, encouraged the party to participate in the elections, saying that the Constitution in 1935 and is a sufficient guarantee a minimum level of credibility and impartiality.
In 1940 he returned to the disobedience campaigns once again fired a new campaign to protest the declaration of British India is a fight against the armies of the Axis without gaining independence, and continued disobedience, even in 1941 Britain which is busy with World War II and is interested in restoration of conditions of India to have help in the war effort . And about the danger of Japan imminent British government has tried to reconcile with the independence movement of India sent in 1942 mission known as the "mission Cripps," but failed in its bid, and the impact of prior Gandhi in 1943 for the first time the idea of entering India in the war against the Axis Powers in the hope of gain independence after that, and he addressed the British famously "Let India and you are the masters," but this speech did not like the British authorities then launched a campaign of arrests and practiced all kinds of violent repression was Gandhi himself from his victims, where he was held behind the bars of the prison and only released him in 1944.
Sadness over the partition of India
The end of 1944 and early 1945, India approached independence, and increased the fears of secessionist calls designed to be divided into two states, between Muslims and Hindus, Gandhi tried to persuade Mohammed Ali Jinnah, who was at the head of the advocates of this separation to reverse its direction but failed.
This has already been on August 16 / August 1947, and announced that the division of India has so dominated the religious unrest across India, reached an end of violence exceeded all expectations fell in Calcutta alone, for example, more than five thousand people. Has suffered Gandhi to these events and considered a national disaster, and increased the pain of escalating tension between India and Pakistan over Kashmir, and numerous deaths in the armed clashes that broke out between them in 1947/1948 and taking calls for a restoration of national unity between the Indian and Muslim students in particular, of the majority Hindu respect the rights of the Muslim minority.
And death
Has not lived up calls Gandhi of the majority Hindu respect the rights of the Muslim minority, and considered some of the categories Hindu fanatic treason so I decided to get rid of it, and already in the January 30, 1948 was a Hindu fanatics three bullets fatally fell to the impact of Mahatma Gandhi bits by the age of Enahr 79 years
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