Isfahan

Isfahan

Geographic Location:

Isfahan is located in the central plateau of Iran, and away from the capital Tehranli (700 km) to the south, one of the major cities of Iran. Characterized Tayib air, soil and healthier soils of the earth, and its climate is mild. Isfahan and long-standing, affairs may Bzla travelers, and hailed by fans; to the health of air and free of all vermin. And the reported speech to pilgrims in one of his governors: "It may Atk his lap, kohl, and Zbabha bees, Hacischha Zgfran." The poet said:

I'm not ASSY from Isfahan on something

Only its water nectar albumin

And youth and Mnkriq breeze wind

Joe on the net anyway

And have a saffron and honey Almave

Under the majesty and Asaafinat

Isfahan in history:

The ancient city of Isfahan placement known as "G", which is now known Bashhurstan and the city.

And walked to the "Nebuchadnezzar" and to take Jerusalem and the captivity of its people, he held up its Jews and bring them down sapling; they built them at the edge of the city of "G" and the locality Nzloha; and called Judaism.

Has opened Isfahaan time of 'Umar ibn al-Khattab in the year (19 e) after opening Nahawand, opened Abdullah bin Abdullah bin Itbaan, and was on the front of his army Abdullah bin and Riqa Riahi, and in "Fattouh countries," said Albuladhira that the opening of Isfahan, Rsatagaha was in the range of years (23 e or 24 e).

In (1593 AD) made the first Abbas Safavid Isfahan as his capital instead of "Caspian."

One of the great commercial and industrial cities in the country, and most important industries of food, construction materials, fabrics and wool textiles.

The most important monuments:

Sapling in many markets, historic palaces, and many Islamic monuments, mosques, historical monuments, minarets, and some of them dating back more than five hundred years, most notably:

Sraban minaret: the magnificent building dates back Bnicochha and Vsevsaúha and Obbagha to the fourteenth century.

Palace of Shah Abbas Safavid I: built on made Isfahan the capital of his kingdom instead of the Caspian years (1593 m).

Great Mosque of the Shah is also one of the most beautiful mosques in the world.

Mosque of Imam Ali bin Abi Talib: due to the built-century atheist century AD.

Flags of Isfahan:

The output of Isfahan group of scholars, literature, and talk - what did not come out like him from the city of cities, including: Abu Faraj al-Isfahani, author of "songs", Al-Hafiz Imam Abu Naeem Ahmed bin Abdullah bin Mehran's classification of "Ornament saints" (d. 430 AH), Abu Mansur Husayn ibn Tahir ibn Zalh Isfahani, shorten the "healing" of Ibn Sina, and explain the message "neighborhood bin awake," and died a year (450 AH), and Raghib Isfahani Abu al-Qasim Hussain, author of "Lectures and Writers Mahorat poets, rhetoricians," and died in (565 e).

Alexandria

Alexandria

Geographic Location:

Acquire the geographical location of the Alexandria of great importance; is one of the most important sea ports around the Mediterranean, has earned the site a climate distinct from the rest of the countries of Egypt, and make them vulnerable to invasions by marine eras different, and has described Ibn Battuta said: (is the gap Mahroos, towing Almonos ).

From the date of Alexandria:

In the year (20 AH / 641 AD) opened the Amr Ibn El-Aas fortress "Babylon" opened up in front of him the way to Alexandria, and marched to it in the spring of the first year (20 AH), and is open to Muslims after a siege of (14) months. He gave the governors of Alexandria, the Muslims in the Umayyad and Abbasid fortifying the coast ligaments and considered it home ligament; it vulnerable to attack from the sea, and its port fix the ports of Egypt to the descent of the enemy, and interested governors also built a number of mosques which, including: a mosque Moses peace be upon him, and the Mosque of vegetables, and the Mosque of Suleiman mosque or compassion.

And is interested in Muslims in Alexandria as the most important naval base where they built houses for the shipbuilding industry.

In Ayyubid Saladin cared much attention in Alexandria; Vahtm Bamartha and fortify the walls and the empowerment of land and sea defenses, and established a school where Saladin and Pemmarstana (ie, hospital) and a home for the Moroccans.

- Alexandria was the scene brighter Islamic eras in the Mamluk era, was built in this era more than three-quarters of the effects of Alexandria, which still exists to date, especially built by al-Nasir Muhammad and his successors, and also the famous castle built by Sultan Bey.

Scientific movement in Alexandria:

Alexandria was before the Islamic conquest of the largest centers of the two cultures, Greek, Romanian, and despite the departure of people from the study of Greek philosophy after the conquest but the Alexandria still occupies its World Cultural throughout the Islamic period; has excelled where many of the scientists who were educated in schools that were built in those times, in the Medicine excelled Nofal and Saeed Bin Saeed Bin penguin, has contributed bimaristan which was built by Saladin in the prosperity of medical science and other sciences that were taught school Salah al-Din, Mamluk and excelled in medicine, Abdul Wahid bin Moroccan almonds. In engineering, philosophy and science of mental excelled Rashid ibn al-Zubayr and Abu al-Aswani Makarem bin Amer bin Al Fattouh, excelled in astronomy I'm clever astronomer in the Mamluk period. The Alexandria since the Fatimid era Forum Scholars of Morocco and Andalusia and the Levant, both are reminded of them: Abu Hajjaj Yusuf bin Abdul Aziz bin Nader Almiourgui, and Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muslim ibn Muhammad al-Qurashi miserable Sicilian, and Abu Bakr Tartooshi, Abdul Rahman bin Abi Bakr bin obsolete.

The study in forensic science and the Arab system of scientific seminars in the mosques and the mosques of Alexandria, ancient and modern.

Landmarks Alexandria:

Doors: One of the main doors, "the door of syphilis," and "door Nectarine", and "the Strait of Bab."

- Castles: the most important of the "Bey Citadel," filed by King al-Ashraf Bey years (882 AH). The castle of "string", built by Sultan bin Nasser Qalawun. In addition to a group of famous towers which were built in the Mamluk period, including: East Tower, Tower Dargham, Tower Attic door, and the tower door syphilis.

Mosques: Mosque of the most important of the east known Attarine Mosque, was built in (1669 m).

Schools: School of salvation which was built by Ben Abid salvation.

School Nabulsih: built by Sheikh Jamal al-Din al-Nabulsi.

Two schools and I'm proud of the University: It was established by Abd al-Latif al-Tikriti.

Istanbul

Istanbul

Geographic Location:

The city of Istanbul in the European part of Turkey, over the city «Constantinople» ROMANIAN old, the unique geographical nature, as bounded on the north, "Black Sea", and the East "the Sea of ​​Marmara," and South "Aegean Sea", on the west by a narrow strip Post continent of the Earth Europe. The importance of this site that makes Istanbul one of the most important points of contact between Asia and the continent of Europe, and it is one of the guarding strategic sites in the world, as it is the key to Europe from the east.

Istanbul through history:

Entered the city of "Islam, Paul" Islamic history and the world to replace the city "Constantinople" ROMANIAN old since the opening of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror years (857 AH) was renamed to "Islam, Paul," and then misrepresented to Istanbul after that, the Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror changed a lot of sightseeing ROMANIAN Around the old church of "Hagia Sophia" to a large mosque, and built a mosque at the tomb of the great companion Abu Ayyub al-Ansari - may Allah be pleased with him, and then became the inauguration of the sultans are at this mosque.

And continued to Istanbul in the historical role metropolis of the Ottoman state that moved the capital from Istanbul to the "Ankara" center "Anatolia" year (1923), although it still lives the city past-form and memories of past glory and has been the heart of Turkey's cultural and economic.

Istanbul .. Parameters and effects:

1 - ROMILLY Castle Siege: a castle built by Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror in preparation for the conquest of Constantinople and to tighten the siege around it, is the Castle Siege ROMILLY of the most important features of the historical city of Istanbul, and is characterized by the castle, which overlooks the Strait of "Bosphorus" Bosoarha and lofty towers.

2 - Mosque Hagia Sophia, after the conquest of Constantinople year (857 AH), and the Fatih Sultan Mehmet convert the church «Hagia Sophia» into a mosque after he had been with four minarets, and remained a mosque of Hagia Sophia of the highlights of Istanbul that was Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and about the mosque to a museum!!

3 - Palace "Tobkaba": built by Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror after the conquest of Constantinople, the Palace was "Tobkaba" the headquarters of the rule of Al Othman, a long time, and around the houses of ministers and friends and the military, turning to the "Tobkaba" is now a museum containing a collection of the most important Islamic monuments, and its holdings from all over the Muslim world, and in this museum there are «Koran Osman» is the first Quran written in Kufic script, and cloak of the Prophet - peace be upon him - the gift of the poet Ka'b bin Zuhair, and a large collection of paintings, carvings and ornaments, swords, pearls local by daggers and thrones, which appear All Splendor of Islamic Art, which fascinates the tourists who visit the museum.

4 - Bosphorus Bridge: The most famous bridge in the world; it is the only link between the two continents, the fourth longest bridge in the world, a large engineering work rises above the water surface (64) meters to allow passage of larger ships and higher carriers.

5 - Suleymaniye Mosque is located in the region of Sulaimaniya, one of the masterpieces of Islamic architecture, and has over the mosque in the building and the determination to «Hagia Sophia» wonderful Byzantine architecture, where there is a seating capacity and height, and its uniqueness Palmazn four building was designed by famous architect Sinan, who is one of the great designers of Islamic architecture.

6 - Library Sulaimaniyah, one of the largest libraries in the Muslim world, established by the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent years (957 AH / 1550 AD), and designed the library building architect Sinan, and follows the Library of Sulaimaniya main attributed to Sultan Suleiman the number of libraries established by individuals.

The number of the content library of Sulaimaniyah manuscript and printed books (98 955) a book, from which (64 267), mostly in Arabic manuscript, and the rest in Persian and Turkish. This with the knowledge that the system of counting inventory of manuscripts and does not mention the duplicate copies of one book.

And the Department of indexes in the library was established at the end of year (1979), based in Sulaymaniyah, which includes three branches: a branch of the indexing of Arabic manuscripts, and the second of the Turkish, Persian and third.